Saturday, January 27, 2007
Chad Vader
Apparently the main character of a locally produced Star Wars spoof is named Clint. Clint Schirmer. Night manager of Willie Street Coop.
Tuesday, January 23, 2007
Bound Choice
Our local pastor theology reading group will meet next Wednesday at Panera to begin discussion of Robert Kolb's book, Bound Choice, Election, and Wittenberg Theological Method . On pages 31-32, he has the best summary of Luther's De servo arbitrio, which I copy here:
1) God is a person, the almighty creator of all that exists, the sovereign Lord and sole acting agent over his creation, totally responsible for all that takes place. 2) The Creator is by definition hidden from his creatures but has revealed himself in his incarnation as Jesus Christ and in Holy Scripture. 3) God has chosen from among fallen sinners people to be his own children and has restored them to their full humanity, that is, to trusting i him, through the work of Christ. 4) God acts in his Word, condemning sin through the law and conveying Christ's benefits to his chosen people through the gospel, in oral, written, and sacramental forms, called collectively the means of grace. 5) Human beings are creatures and thus totally dependent on God their Creator. 6) This dependence of the human creature on God can be explained and defended by a doctrine of absolute necessity, that is, that all things happen necessarily as God designs and decides. 7) Human beings are responsible for their own disposition and actions but are sinful, captive to Satan and their own desires, and thus totally dependent on God for liberation from their sinfulness. 8) Human beings are designed by God with active minds and wills that are to be dediceated to carrying out their callings in obediene to God. 9) Believers are engaged in a lifelong struggle against their own abiding sinfulness. Their lives are lives of repentance. 10) God is not responsible for evil. No explanation of the existence of evil and its continuation in the lives of believers in possible.
1) God is a person, the almighty creator of all that exists, the sovereign Lord and sole acting agent over his creation, totally responsible for all that takes place. 2) The Creator is by definition hidden from his creatures but has revealed himself in his incarnation as Jesus Christ and in Holy Scripture. 3) God has chosen from among fallen sinners people to be his own children and has restored them to their full humanity, that is, to trusting i him, through the work of Christ. 4) God acts in his Word, condemning sin through the law and conveying Christ's benefits to his chosen people through the gospel, in oral, written, and sacramental forms, called collectively the means of grace. 5) Human beings are creatures and thus totally dependent on God their Creator. 6) This dependence of the human creature on God can be explained and defended by a doctrine of absolute necessity, that is, that all things happen necessarily as God designs and decides. 7) Human beings are responsible for their own disposition and actions but are sinful, captive to Satan and their own desires, and thus totally dependent on God for liberation from their sinfulness. 8) Human beings are designed by God with active minds and wills that are to be dediceated to carrying out their callings in obediene to God. 9) Believers are engaged in a lifelong struggle against their own abiding sinfulness. Their lives are lives of repentance. 10) God is not responsible for evil. No explanation of the existence of evil and its continuation in the lives of believers in possible.
The Call to Holiness
We're studying the call to holiness for our next Pastor-theologian gathering. Books under discussion include The Rule of St. Benedict , John Webster's Holiness , and William Cavanaugh's Torture and Eucharist . I provide this article for your reflection.
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The Call to Holiness
A statement of evangelicals and catholics together
Over more than ten years, this group of Evangelicals and Catholics, speaking as individuals committed to their respective communities but without any official mandate, has explored important areas of agreement and disagreement among us. In our first round of conversations and in the resulting statement of 1994, "Evangelicals and Catholics Together: The Christian Mission in the Third Millennium," we were able to recognize one another as brothers and sisters in Christ and to affirm the positive value of the witness to the gospel rendered by our several communities, notwithstanding differences and disagreements. In 1997, we were able to issue a second statement, "The Gift of Salvation." In that statement we affirmed that the justification of sinners, which is not earned by any good works or merits of our own, leads us toward the fullness of salvation that is promised in the final kingdom.
In our third statement, "Your Word is Truth" (2002), we found a notable convergence in our views concerning the transmission of God's saving Word through Holy Scripture and tradition. The following year we took up the interpretation of the phrase "The Communion of Saints" that appears in the Apostles' Creed, and there we affirmed that, by virtue of our communion with Christ, we are in a certain, albeit imperfect, communion with one another in his body, the Church. That round of discussions called our attention to the holiness that is proper to God alone but in which human beings are called to participate. Such participation means nothing less than to be drawn into the very life and love of God-Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Holiness is also participation in the life of the Church, which is the holy people called into being by God's saving work in Christ. Following up on this theme, we wish now to consider the ways in which our communities and theirindividual members can and must foster and embody holiness.
As is clear from our earlier statements, we believe that salvation is realized through union with God, who is all-holy (Leviticus 11:6-8, 21:6-8; 1 Peter 1:15-16). The gift of salvation is effected and bestowed only through the one Mediator, Jesus Christ (1 Timothy 2, Acts 4:11-12). While thanking God for this inestimable gift, we acknowledge our failures and seek to find ways in which we, our communities, and our world can more fully respond to the call to holiness.
I. We are Christians
According to the apostolic witness, the call to holiness begins with divine election: God's summons to Israel, and later to the Church, to be a holy nation, a people set apart as God's own treasured possession, called to worship, witness, and good works (see Ephesians 1:4, 1 Peter 2:9). All of us are consecrated to the one God-Father, Son, and Holy Spirit-in whose name we are baptized (Ephesians 4:4-6). By his sacrificial death on the Cross, Jesus Christ enables us, by the power of the Holy Spirit, to share in the holiness that he embodies and accomplishes for us. Our conformity to Christ involves a radical love that is cruciform, requiring a profound gift of self. "If anyone wishes to come after me, let him deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me" (Matthew 16:24). By incorporating us into Christ, the Holy Spirit also makes us members of his body, the Church.
The relationship of the Christian to Christ is expressed in a variety of biblical metaphors. We have already spoken of our being members of his body. We may also speak of our being branches grafted on the Vine, who is Christ. The relationship may also be expressed as our inclusion in the Covenant of the New Testament-a covenant in which Jesus is the Lord and we are his servants, However expressed, our union with Christ is profoundly transformative.
This transformation manifests itself differently to different people. For some it is experienced as a powerful and specifiable moment, engaging the deepest affections. For others it is experienced as a deepening of faith in Christ and a peaceful sense of being welcomed into the communion of believers. For all it is the knowledge of being called out of darkness into God's marvelous light (1 Peter 2:9). However differently experienced, the gift of grace is to be preserved and cultivated throughout the life of the Christian.
Our different traditions, notwithstanding their doctrinal differences, agree that faith and baptism, as the sacrament of faith, belong together. Christian faith should always lead to baptism; and baptism, conversely, should always be accompanied by Christian faith. Baptism is mandated, not optional. It is the gateway to the Christian life.
Some of our traditions reckon baptism as a sacrament of constitutive importance for Christian existence. Others see it rather as a sign and expression of a new Christian life already received. But in either view, baptism involves a lifelong engagement to grow in union with Christ and to labor in the service of the gospel.
Sadly, the level of commitment is much lower than it ought to be. In all our communities, there are many who are members in name only. Many of us live in a manner that brings disgrace on the name of God. The call to holiness entails a continuing call to repentance and transformation of life. Many, however, have received practically no instruction in Christian doctrine; many fail to measure up to the norms of Christian conduct. Weak and sinful members, we agree, should not be treated with harshness and contempt, but rather with compassion, each of us being painfully aware of our own frailty. We strive to find ways of helping inactive, alienated, and marginal Christians to rise to the dignity that is theirs as children of God.
II. Becoming who we are
Christian existence is by its very nature relational. Christians are related to God as their Father, to Christ as their older brother, and to all their fellow Christians as members of the same family. The Holy Spirit maintains and animates all these relationships. "If we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit" (Galatians 5:25).
To be a Christian is always both a gift and a task. We are called to be perfect, as our Father in heaven is perfect (Matthew 5:48). Yet even the most exemplary of Christians must confess with St. Paul, "Not that I have already obtained this or made it my own; but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own.I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus" (Philippians 3:12-14). The command, "Be holy as I am holy," already given under the Old Law, holds in a special way for Christians (Leviticus 11:44-45; cf. 1 Peter 1:16). Paul exhorts the Philippians to be "children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and PC generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world" (Philippians 2:15). The authenticity of the Christian life is manifested in the fruits of holiness. Jesus taught us that faithful disciples would be known by their fruits (Matthew 7:20).
Holiness entails a transforming encounter with the living Christ. This conversion, which is ongoing in the Christian life, means that one becomes a disciple of Christ, and discipleship necessarily entails discipline. Christians know they are not perfect, but they together constitute a people that is different. In the early Church, Christians were able to point to the probity of their lives. They did not steal and murder; they did not practice divorce, adultery, infanticide, or abortion. In the second-century Letter to Diognetus the author boasted that Christians "dwell on Earth, but are citizens of heaven..What the soul is to the body, Christians are to the world" (chap. 5, sec. 1). Somewhat later, Mincius Felix puts on the lips of the hero of a literary dialogue the words: "While the jails are crammed with your kind, they do not hold a single Christian, unless he be accused on account of his religion, or unless he be an apostate" (Octavius, chap. 35). Christians attracted pagans to join them because they excelled in virtue and mutual affection. They were seen to love Christ and his Church even to the point of giving up their lives.
It is a great scandal that so many Christians of our day, while continuing to be identified as members of the Church, fail to respond to the call to holiness. Too many, misunderstanding the nature of faith and presuming upon the grace of God, disregard the commandments of God. Such Christians rely on what Dietrich Bonhoeffer called "cheap grace," evading "the cost of discipleship." They have drifted far from the biblical precept: "Confirm your call and election" (2 Peter 1:10), which is expounded as meaning, "Supplement your faith with virtue, and virtue with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with steadfastness" (2 Peter 1:5-6). It is time, therefore, for Catholics and Evangelicals, corporately and individually, to recommit ourselves to the life of discipleship that ought to be the distinctive mark of Christians.
Committed as they are to Christ as the source and model of all that is holy, Christians are in no way exempted from obedience to the moral law permanently inscribed by the Creator in human nature (Romans 2:15). They are bound to the moral precepts of the Decalogue which are confirmed and brought to surpassing fulfillment in Christ, "If you love me," says the Lord, "you will keep my commandments" (John 14:15). To reject his commandments is to reject him and thus to forfeit our ability to abide in him and to bear fruit (see John 5:1-11). While individuals have different vocations, all are called to obey the commandments and especially the commandment of love, the greatest of them all (Matthew 22:37-40).
God has given us ample means to participate in the fullness of His love. We are to hear and study the word of God, especially as it comes to us in the Holy Scriptures. There is a growing practice among serious Christians-Evangelical, Catholic, and others-to join in Bible study and prayer groups. This is attended by a new appreciation of the lectio divina, the devotional and meditative reading of the Bible, notably in the discipline of daily prayer. Encouraged by these developments, we rejoice in a greater measure of common catechesis based on Scripture and the ecumenical creeds that we share.
Corporate worship on the Lord's Day is central to the Christian life. We are agreed that the Sunday gathering should be marked by the proclamation of the Word and the celebration of the Lord's Supper. Catholics are coming to a renewed appreciation of the proclamation of the Word in the eucharistic assembly. Many Evangelicals are recovering historic forms of Christian worship, incorporating the preaching of the Word within the context of communal prayer, worship, and participation in the Lord's Supper (1 Corinthians 10:16).
As fellow members of the community of faith, we should also confess our sins and failures to God and one another, especially to those whom we have offended, according to the opportunities and requirements of our respective communions (1 John 1:8-9, James 5:16). In all cases, sinners must be reconciled to God and the Church, making a firm resolve to amend their ways. Whether as Catholics or as Evangelicals, we are spiritually responsible for fellow Christians. We should engage in mutual encouragement and correction, performing this duty with love and tact. All of us will be summoned in the end to give an account of our stewardship. Our source of forgiveness is in God's reconciling work in Christ (2 Corinthians 5: 8), and our accountability is, in this and all else, to Christ the Lord "who is to judge the living and the dead" (2 Timothy 4:1).
III. Witness and mission
The Church cannot rightly be conceived as a self-created or self-enclosed entity. It is a body of believers gathered by God and sent on a mission to the world. In going forth into the world, Christians are not venturing into a foreign territory. By his death on the Cross and his glorious exaltation to the Father's right hand, Christ has been made Lord over the whole world, even though his dominion is not universally acknowledged (Philippians 2:9-11). Those who deny his lordship or serve idols and other deities are not beyond the sovereignty of Christ but are, albeit unknowingly, his subjects. The world, insofar as it is captive to sin, is under the power of the evil one and still awaiting the liberation that Christ has won for it (1 John 5:19).
The entire mission of the Church may be summarized under the rubric of evangelization. Evangelization in the broadest sense is proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ to all people and bringing that gospel to bear, by word and deed, on the totality of things. According to the Scriptures, God's Word in Jesus Christ should penetrate into the hearts and minds of believers, governing their ideas and activities and, through their ministry, permeating the cultures and social institutions of the world (2 Corinthians 10:5). All of creation, wounded by original sin, is to be healed and redirected in Christ to its true goal, the glory of the Creator (Colossians 1: 9-20).
The missionary activity of the Church should not be understood as the task of a few specialists. The Church is missionary in nature. It is the duty and privilege of every Christian to "declare the wonderful deeds of Him who called us out of darkness into His marvelous light" (1 Peter 2:9). The precise form of evangelization to which believers are called depends upon their particular vocations. Some are called to travel to other lands and bring the good news to peoples who have not previously heard or accepted it. All, and especially parents, are called to impart Christian truth within their own families. Those in business and politics are called to bear witness in the marketplace and the public square. Whatever one's work or calling, occasions arise for professing one's allegiance to Christ and for inviting friends and associates, as well as casual acquaintances, to share one's faith.
Lay men and women should not think that the secular character of their vocation consigns them to an inferior rank in the Church's mission. On the contrary, the Church with its ministerial and sacramental structures is entirely ordered toward the redemption of the secular, meaning this world (the saeculum). The Second Vatican Council was not speaking only for Catholics when it declared that the normal vocation of the laity is to "seek the kingdom of God by engaging in temporal affairs and ordering them according to the plan of God" (Lumen Gentium 31). The plan of God, in turn, cannot be fully understood apart from Christ and the gospel, which alone disclose the deeper meaning and orientation of all temporal activities. The Amsterdam Declaration affirms, "The salvation Jesus brings and the community of faith he calls forth are signs of his kingdom's presence here and now, though we wait for its complete fulfillment when he comes again in glory. In the meantime, wherever Christ's standards of peace and justice are observed to any degree, to that degree the kingdom is anticipated, and to that extent God's ideal for human society is displayed."
In our first statement, "Evangelicals and Catholics Together," we pointed out a number of areas in the right ordering of society on which we can and should cooperate. Our response to the call to holiness requires us to exemplify and advance a culture of life. This includes defense of religious freedom and the marriage-based family, resistance to evils such as abortion, euthanasia, eugenics, and coercive population control, and a devotion to justice for all, especially for the poor. We now renew all of these commitments as aspects of our vocation to pursue holiness together. Cooperation among Christians, we believe, vividly expresses the bond that already unites them and sets in clearer relief the features of Christ the Servant (cf. Vatican II, Unitatis redintegratio, 12; Lausanne Covenant, 7).
IV. Suffering and Hope
Christ promised that the pursuit of holiness would be difficult. He said that his disciples would face adversity and persecution (John 16:33). Christians should not be surprised by opposition and setbacks. Paul assures us that God works in all things for the good of those who love him and are called according to his purpose (Romans 8:28). Stirred by the example of the martyrs who died rather than deny their Lord, Christians today should be prepared to make sacrifices for their faith. Such sacrifices can be a radiant proof of their love of God and a source of inspiration to others.
Contemporary culture tends to look upon suffering and death simply as evils. Christians, however, recognize that in the plan of God suffering, patiently endured, can deepen our union with Christ in his suffering and thus become a royal road to holiness (Philippians 3:10). Although Christ's suffering was sufficient for the redemption of the world, Christians can grow in the life of grace by uniting their own sufferings with his. Paul refers to this great mystery when he speaks of our filling up what was wanting in Christ's afflictions for the sake of his body, the Church (Colossians 1:24).
We would find it impossible to endure suffering and failure with patience and joy except that Christ has given us by his words, his glorious resurrection, and the gift of the Holy Spirit a sure hope that he will never abandon his disciples. After they have suffered a little while, he will bring them into the fullness of his kingdom (1 Peter 1:6-7). The world today desperately needs a hope that cannot be disappointed-a hope that is anchored at a point beyond this world and its contingencies.
Our churches, separated though they be, witness to this hope. It is our prayer that, recognizing our solidarity in hope, we may now proclaim it more effectively together. As we preach to others, we attend to ourselves, lest in preaching to them we ourselves becomes castaways (1 Corinthians 9:27). The good example of Christians, indeed, is often the most effective form of witness.
The spiritual renewal of our communities, their missionary activity, their service to society, and their quest for visible unity are, we are confident, indivisible aspects of the Holy Spirit's work in our day. In all these endeavors, holiness and the pursuit of holiness has unquestioned priority. We urge all Christians to devote themselves to these tasks with eyes fixed on Christ, "whom God has made our wisdom, our righteousness and sanctification and redemption" (1Corinthians 1:30).
Evangelical Protestants:
Dr. Thomas Oden, Drew University Emeritus
Dr. Harold O. J. Brown, Reformed Theological Seminary
Mr. Charles Colson, Prison Fellowship
Dr. Timothy George, Beeson Divinity School
Dr. Kent Hill, Church of the Nazarene
Dr. Cheryl Bridges Johns, Church of God School of Theology
The Rev. T. M. Moore, Cedar Springs Presbyterian Church
Dr. James Packer, Regent College
Dr. Sarah Sumner, Azusa Pacific University
Dr. Kevin J. Vanhoozer, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Dr. John Woodbridge, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Roman Catholics:
Dr. James J. Buckley, Loyola College in Maryland
Dr. Peter Casarella, Catholic University of America
Dr. Gary Culpepper, Providence College
Avery Cardinal Dulles, S. J., Fordham University
Fr. Thomas Guarino, Seton Hall University
Dr. Matthew Levering, Ave Maria College
Fr. Francis Martin, Mother of God Community
Fr. Richard John Neuhaus, First Things
Fr. Edward T. Oakes S. J., Mundelein Seminary
Mr. George Weigel, Ethics and Public Policy Center
Dr. Robert Louis Wilken, University of Virginia
--
The Call to Holiness
A statement of evangelicals and catholics together
Over more than ten years, this group of Evangelicals and Catholics, speaking as individuals committed to their respective communities but without any official mandate, has explored important areas of agreement and disagreement among us. In our first round of conversations and in the resulting statement of 1994, "Evangelicals and Catholics Together: The Christian Mission in the Third Millennium," we were able to recognize one another as brothers and sisters in Christ and to affirm the positive value of the witness to the gospel rendered by our several communities, notwithstanding differences and disagreements. In 1997, we were able to issue a second statement, "The Gift of Salvation." In that statement we affirmed that the justification of sinners, which is not earned by any good works or merits of our own, leads us toward the fullness of salvation that is promised in the final kingdom.
In our third statement, "Your Word is Truth" (2002), we found a notable convergence in our views concerning the transmission of God's saving Word through Holy Scripture and tradition. The following year we took up the interpretation of the phrase "The Communion of Saints" that appears in the Apostles' Creed, and there we affirmed that, by virtue of our communion with Christ, we are in a certain, albeit imperfect, communion with one another in his body, the Church. That round of discussions called our attention to the holiness that is proper to God alone but in which human beings are called to participate. Such participation means nothing less than to be drawn into the very life and love of God-Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Holiness is also participation in the life of the Church, which is the holy people called into being by God's saving work in Christ. Following up on this theme, we wish now to consider the ways in which our communities and theirindividual members can and must foster and embody holiness.
As is clear from our earlier statements, we believe that salvation is realized through union with God, who is all-holy (Leviticus 11:6-8, 21:6-8; 1 Peter 1:15-16). The gift of salvation is effected and bestowed only through the one Mediator, Jesus Christ (1 Timothy 2, Acts 4:11-12). While thanking God for this inestimable gift, we acknowledge our failures and seek to find ways in which we, our communities, and our world can more fully respond to the call to holiness.
I. We are Christians
According to the apostolic witness, the call to holiness begins with divine election: God's summons to Israel, and later to the Church, to be a holy nation, a people set apart as God's own treasured possession, called to worship, witness, and good works (see Ephesians 1:4, 1 Peter 2:9). All of us are consecrated to the one God-Father, Son, and Holy Spirit-in whose name we are baptized (Ephesians 4:4-6). By his sacrificial death on the Cross, Jesus Christ enables us, by the power of the Holy Spirit, to share in the holiness that he embodies and accomplishes for us. Our conformity to Christ involves a radical love that is cruciform, requiring a profound gift of self. "If anyone wishes to come after me, let him deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me" (Matthew 16:24). By incorporating us into Christ, the Holy Spirit also makes us members of his body, the Church.
The relationship of the Christian to Christ is expressed in a variety of biblical metaphors. We have already spoken of our being members of his body. We may also speak of our being branches grafted on the Vine, who is Christ. The relationship may also be expressed as our inclusion in the Covenant of the New Testament-a covenant in which Jesus is the Lord and we are his servants, However expressed, our union with Christ is profoundly transformative.
This transformation manifests itself differently to different people. For some it is experienced as a powerful and specifiable moment, engaging the deepest affections. For others it is experienced as a deepening of faith in Christ and a peaceful sense of being welcomed into the communion of believers. For all it is the knowledge of being called out of darkness into God's marvelous light (1 Peter 2:9). However differently experienced, the gift of grace is to be preserved and cultivated throughout the life of the Christian.
Our different traditions, notwithstanding their doctrinal differences, agree that faith and baptism, as the sacrament of faith, belong together. Christian faith should always lead to baptism; and baptism, conversely, should always be accompanied by Christian faith. Baptism is mandated, not optional. It is the gateway to the Christian life.
Some of our traditions reckon baptism as a sacrament of constitutive importance for Christian existence. Others see it rather as a sign and expression of a new Christian life already received. But in either view, baptism involves a lifelong engagement to grow in union with Christ and to labor in the service of the gospel.
Sadly, the level of commitment is much lower than it ought to be. In all our communities, there are many who are members in name only. Many of us live in a manner that brings disgrace on the name of God. The call to holiness entails a continuing call to repentance and transformation of life. Many, however, have received practically no instruction in Christian doctrine; many fail to measure up to the norms of Christian conduct. Weak and sinful members, we agree, should not be treated with harshness and contempt, but rather with compassion, each of us being painfully aware of our own frailty. We strive to find ways of helping inactive, alienated, and marginal Christians to rise to the dignity that is theirs as children of God.
II. Becoming who we are
Christian existence is by its very nature relational. Christians are related to God as their Father, to Christ as their older brother, and to all their fellow Christians as members of the same family. The Holy Spirit maintains and animates all these relationships. "If we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit" (Galatians 5:25).
To be a Christian is always both a gift and a task. We are called to be perfect, as our Father in heaven is perfect (Matthew 5:48). Yet even the most exemplary of Christians must confess with St. Paul, "Not that I have already obtained this or made it my own; but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own.I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus" (Philippians 3:12-14). The command, "Be holy as I am holy," already given under the Old Law, holds in a special way for Christians (Leviticus 11:44-45; cf. 1 Peter 1:16). Paul exhorts the Philippians to be "children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and PC generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world" (Philippians 2:15). The authenticity of the Christian life is manifested in the fruits of holiness. Jesus taught us that faithful disciples would be known by their fruits (Matthew 7:20).
Holiness entails a transforming encounter with the living Christ. This conversion, which is ongoing in the Christian life, means that one becomes a disciple of Christ, and discipleship necessarily entails discipline. Christians know they are not perfect, but they together constitute a people that is different. In the early Church, Christians were able to point to the probity of their lives. They did not steal and murder; they did not practice divorce, adultery, infanticide, or abortion. In the second-century Letter to Diognetus the author boasted that Christians "dwell on Earth, but are citizens of heaven..What the soul is to the body, Christians are to the world" (chap. 5, sec. 1). Somewhat later, Mincius Felix puts on the lips of the hero of a literary dialogue the words: "While the jails are crammed with your kind, they do not hold a single Christian, unless he be accused on account of his religion, or unless he be an apostate" (Octavius, chap. 35). Christians attracted pagans to join them because they excelled in virtue and mutual affection. They were seen to love Christ and his Church even to the point of giving up their lives.
It is a great scandal that so many Christians of our day, while continuing to be identified as members of the Church, fail to respond to the call to holiness. Too many, misunderstanding the nature of faith and presuming upon the grace of God, disregard the commandments of God. Such Christians rely on what Dietrich Bonhoeffer called "cheap grace," evading "the cost of discipleship." They have drifted far from the biblical precept: "Confirm your call and election" (2 Peter 1:10), which is expounded as meaning, "Supplement your faith with virtue, and virtue with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control, and self-control with steadfastness" (2 Peter 1:5-6). It is time, therefore, for Catholics and Evangelicals, corporately and individually, to recommit ourselves to the life of discipleship that ought to be the distinctive mark of Christians.
Committed as they are to Christ as the source and model of all that is holy, Christians are in no way exempted from obedience to the moral law permanently inscribed by the Creator in human nature (Romans 2:15). They are bound to the moral precepts of the Decalogue which are confirmed and brought to surpassing fulfillment in Christ, "If you love me," says the Lord, "you will keep my commandments" (John 14:15). To reject his commandments is to reject him and thus to forfeit our ability to abide in him and to bear fruit (see John 5:1-11). While individuals have different vocations, all are called to obey the commandments and especially the commandment of love, the greatest of them all (Matthew 22:37-40).
God has given us ample means to participate in the fullness of His love. We are to hear and study the word of God, especially as it comes to us in the Holy Scriptures. There is a growing practice among serious Christians-Evangelical, Catholic, and others-to join in Bible study and prayer groups. This is attended by a new appreciation of the lectio divina, the devotional and meditative reading of the Bible, notably in the discipline of daily prayer. Encouraged by these developments, we rejoice in a greater measure of common catechesis based on Scripture and the ecumenical creeds that we share.
Corporate worship on the Lord's Day is central to the Christian life. We are agreed that the Sunday gathering should be marked by the proclamation of the Word and the celebration of the Lord's Supper. Catholics are coming to a renewed appreciation of the proclamation of the Word in the eucharistic assembly. Many Evangelicals are recovering historic forms of Christian worship, incorporating the preaching of the Word within the context of communal prayer, worship, and participation in the Lord's Supper (1 Corinthians 10:16).
As fellow members of the community of faith, we should also confess our sins and failures to God and one another, especially to those whom we have offended, according to the opportunities and requirements of our respective communions (1 John 1:8-9, James 5:16). In all cases, sinners must be reconciled to God and the Church, making a firm resolve to amend their ways. Whether as Catholics or as Evangelicals, we are spiritually responsible for fellow Christians. We should engage in mutual encouragement and correction, performing this duty with love and tact. All of us will be summoned in the end to give an account of our stewardship. Our source of forgiveness is in God's reconciling work in Christ (2 Corinthians 5: 8), and our accountability is, in this and all else, to Christ the Lord "who is to judge the living and the dead" (2 Timothy 4:1).
III. Witness and mission
The Church cannot rightly be conceived as a self-created or self-enclosed entity. It is a body of believers gathered by God and sent on a mission to the world. In going forth into the world, Christians are not venturing into a foreign territory. By his death on the Cross and his glorious exaltation to the Father's right hand, Christ has been made Lord over the whole world, even though his dominion is not universally acknowledged (Philippians 2:9-11). Those who deny his lordship or serve idols and other deities are not beyond the sovereignty of Christ but are, albeit unknowingly, his subjects. The world, insofar as it is captive to sin, is under the power of the evil one and still awaiting the liberation that Christ has won for it (1 John 5:19).
The entire mission of the Church may be summarized under the rubric of evangelization. Evangelization in the broadest sense is proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ to all people and bringing that gospel to bear, by word and deed, on the totality of things. According to the Scriptures, God's Word in Jesus Christ should penetrate into the hearts and minds of believers, governing their ideas and activities and, through their ministry, permeating the cultures and social institutions of the world (2 Corinthians 10:5). All of creation, wounded by original sin, is to be healed and redirected in Christ to its true goal, the glory of the Creator (Colossians 1: 9-20).
The missionary activity of the Church should not be understood as the task of a few specialists. The Church is missionary in nature. It is the duty and privilege of every Christian to "declare the wonderful deeds of Him who called us out of darkness into His marvelous light" (1 Peter 2:9). The precise form of evangelization to which believers are called depends upon their particular vocations. Some are called to travel to other lands and bring the good news to peoples who have not previously heard or accepted it. All, and especially parents, are called to impart Christian truth within their own families. Those in business and politics are called to bear witness in the marketplace and the public square. Whatever one's work or calling, occasions arise for professing one's allegiance to Christ and for inviting friends and associates, as well as casual acquaintances, to share one's faith.
Lay men and women should not think that the secular character of their vocation consigns them to an inferior rank in the Church's mission. On the contrary, the Church with its ministerial and sacramental structures is entirely ordered toward the redemption of the secular, meaning this world (the saeculum). The Second Vatican Council was not speaking only for Catholics when it declared that the normal vocation of the laity is to "seek the kingdom of God by engaging in temporal affairs and ordering them according to the plan of God" (Lumen Gentium 31). The plan of God, in turn, cannot be fully understood apart from Christ and the gospel, which alone disclose the deeper meaning and orientation of all temporal activities. The Amsterdam Declaration affirms, "The salvation Jesus brings and the community of faith he calls forth are signs of his kingdom's presence here and now, though we wait for its complete fulfillment when he comes again in glory. In the meantime, wherever Christ's standards of peace and justice are observed to any degree, to that degree the kingdom is anticipated, and to that extent God's ideal for human society is displayed."
In our first statement, "Evangelicals and Catholics Together," we pointed out a number of areas in the right ordering of society on which we can and should cooperate. Our response to the call to holiness requires us to exemplify and advance a culture of life. This includes defense of religious freedom and the marriage-based family, resistance to evils such as abortion, euthanasia, eugenics, and coercive population control, and a devotion to justice for all, especially for the poor. We now renew all of these commitments as aspects of our vocation to pursue holiness together. Cooperation among Christians, we believe, vividly expresses the bond that already unites them and sets in clearer relief the features of Christ the Servant (cf. Vatican II, Unitatis redintegratio, 12; Lausanne Covenant, 7).
IV. Suffering and Hope
Christ promised that the pursuit of holiness would be difficult. He said that his disciples would face adversity and persecution (John 16:33). Christians should not be surprised by opposition and setbacks. Paul assures us that God works in all things for the good of those who love him and are called according to his purpose (Romans 8:28). Stirred by the example of the martyrs who died rather than deny their Lord, Christians today should be prepared to make sacrifices for their faith. Such sacrifices can be a radiant proof of their love of God and a source of inspiration to others.
Contemporary culture tends to look upon suffering and death simply as evils. Christians, however, recognize that in the plan of God suffering, patiently endured, can deepen our union with Christ in his suffering and thus become a royal road to holiness (Philippians 3:10). Although Christ's suffering was sufficient for the redemption of the world, Christians can grow in the life of grace by uniting their own sufferings with his. Paul refers to this great mystery when he speaks of our filling up what was wanting in Christ's afflictions for the sake of his body, the Church (Colossians 1:24).
We would find it impossible to endure suffering and failure with patience and joy except that Christ has given us by his words, his glorious resurrection, and the gift of the Holy Spirit a sure hope that he will never abandon his disciples. After they have suffered a little while, he will bring them into the fullness of his kingdom (1 Peter 1:6-7). The world today desperately needs a hope that cannot be disappointed-a hope that is anchored at a point beyond this world and its contingencies.
Our churches, separated though they be, witness to this hope. It is our prayer that, recognizing our solidarity in hope, we may now proclaim it more effectively together. As we preach to others, we attend to ourselves, lest in preaching to them we ourselves becomes castaways (1 Corinthians 9:27). The good example of Christians, indeed, is often the most effective form of witness.
The spiritual renewal of our communities, their missionary activity, their service to society, and their quest for visible unity are, we are confident, indivisible aspects of the Holy Spirit's work in our day. In all these endeavors, holiness and the pursuit of holiness has unquestioned priority. We urge all Christians to devote themselves to these tasks with eyes fixed on Christ, "whom God has made our wisdom, our righteousness and sanctification and redemption" (1Corinthians 1:30).
Evangelical Protestants:
Dr. Thomas Oden, Drew University Emeritus
Dr. Harold O. J. Brown, Reformed Theological Seminary
Mr. Charles Colson, Prison Fellowship
Dr. Timothy George, Beeson Divinity School
Dr. Kent Hill, Church of the Nazarene
Dr. Cheryl Bridges Johns, Church of God School of Theology
The Rev. T. M. Moore, Cedar Springs Presbyterian Church
Dr. James Packer, Regent College
Dr. Sarah Sumner, Azusa Pacific University
Dr. Kevin J. Vanhoozer, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Dr. John Woodbridge, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Roman Catholics:
Dr. James J. Buckley, Loyola College in Maryland
Dr. Peter Casarella, Catholic University of America
Dr. Gary Culpepper, Providence College
Avery Cardinal Dulles, S. J., Fordham University
Fr. Thomas Guarino, Seton Hall University
Dr. Matthew Levering, Ave Maria College
Fr. Francis Martin, Mother of God Community
Fr. Richard John Neuhaus, First Things
Fr. Edward T. Oakes S. J., Mundelein Seminary
Mr. George Weigel, Ethics and Public Policy Center
Dr. Robert Louis Wilken, University of Virginia
Saturday, January 20, 2007
Site Tracking
So, apparently my old site tracking engine won't migrate easily into the new blogger. Anyone have a recommendation on a free tracking engine that they especially like using?
Saturday, January 13, 2007
The Album Lives
I've always listened to albums more than individual songs. Sometimes I may have been enamored of a song, but then disliked the album it was on, but mostly I listen straight through entire albums, and therefore seek out and listen to albums that work as a whole. To me, it is much like reading a novel- take one chapter out of the book and read it along, and it has lost its context.
Wrote down a quick list the other day of albums that I believe truly function as great albums- from beginning to end they are gorgeous, and they function artistically as a whole. I offer them here:
Gillian Welch- The Revelator (this may be #1 on my list)
Beck- Mutations and Sea Change
The Decemberists- The Crane Wife
Wilco- Yankee Hotel Foxtrot
Beatles- St. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (possibly the original "album")
U2- Joshua Tree
There are many, many in jazz, but my two favorites:
Miles Davis- Kind of Blue
John Coltrane- Giant Steps
And there are a few classical recordings for which the concept album doesn't necessarily apply, and yet it is true that they function beautifully as double-CD units:
Handel- Messiah
Bach- Mass in B Minor
Finally, I think it is rare for a movie soundtrack to attain to this status, but there are a few around. Favorites:
Garden State
The Life Aquatic
The Squid and the Whale
Enjoy...
Wrote down a quick list the other day of albums that I believe truly function as great albums- from beginning to end they are gorgeous, and they function artistically as a whole. I offer them here:
Gillian Welch- The Revelator (this may be #1 on my list)
Beck- Mutations and Sea Change
The Decemberists- The Crane Wife
Wilco- Yankee Hotel Foxtrot
Beatles- St. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (possibly the original "album")
U2- Joshua Tree
There are many, many in jazz, but my two favorites:
Miles Davis- Kind of Blue
John Coltrane- Giant Steps
And there are a few classical recordings for which the concept album doesn't necessarily apply, and yet it is true that they function beautifully as double-CD units:
Handel- Messiah
Bach- Mass in B Minor
Finally, I think it is rare for a movie soundtrack to attain to this status, but there are a few around. Favorites:
Garden State
The Life Aquatic
The Squid and the Whale
Enjoy...
Journal of Lutheran Ethics
Dear JLE Readers:
The January issue of "Journal of Lutheran Ethics" (www.elca.org/jle), with a theme of Economic Ethics in Everyday Life, is now online.
Mark Allen Powell provides an essay dealing with the biblical underpinnings of stewardship. Shannon Jung discusses the virtue of sharing, and Clint Schnekloth invites us to consider what we don’t eat as a witness to our economic values. James Nash considers the virtue of frugality in relation to concerns for the environment and our culture of consumption. And William Diehl provides an account of the "Forum for Ethics in the Workplace" as a model for discussion of practical ethical issues in the workplace.
Visit us online today at www.elca.org/jle for a thought-provoking issue on Economic Issues in Everyday Life.
Dr. Edward D. Schneider
The January issue of "Journal of Lutheran Ethics" (www.elca.org/jle), with a theme of Economic Ethics in Everyday Life, is now online.
Mark Allen Powell provides an essay dealing with the biblical underpinnings of stewardship. Shannon Jung discusses the virtue of sharing, and Clint Schnekloth invites us to consider what we don’t eat as a witness to our economic values. James Nash considers the virtue of frugality in relation to concerns for the environment and our culture of consumption. And William Diehl provides an account of the "Forum for Ethics in the Workplace" as a model for discussion of practical ethical issues in the workplace.
Visit us online today at www.elca.org/jle for a thought-provoking issue on Economic Issues in Everyday Life.
Dr. Edward D. Schneider
Friday, January 12, 2007
Can Wine Echo?
Homiletics texts and classes, at least in my seminary days, focused on finding resonances between the assigned text for the day and narratives or stories in the world that could connect the Word of Scripture to the World of the congregation. One kind of preaching that takes this assignment (too) literally then structures a sermon making use of lots of present day stories or illustrations to attempt to make the Scripture relevant to contemporary life.
A different kind of resonance can also be preached, though, that being a resonance within and between Scripture passages themselves. This kind of preaching probably looks more to the post-liberal/neo-orthodox approach, arguing that Scripture is an idiom or language to be learned, so that the when we read, we are being read by, read into, a cultural linguistic model, we are being Scripturized.
So, for example, if I were preaching on John 2 water to wine in the first form, I might tell some contemporary about a wedding and how a new thing was done at the wedding that was meaningful to all involved. Or we might talk about the function of wine and servants or something in contemporary culture (I'm over simplifying here).
But in the 2nd approach, we might read the water to wine miracle in reference to previous events in the life of Israel (Elijah and Elisha? Rivers to blood? Purity codes?) or forthcoming events in the life of Christ (Christ turning his own blood into a new wine that is "the best wine saved for last", given to the wedding guests, the marriage feast of the lamb).
Of course, these kinds of references are not yet preaching- either can function dead word or direct address depending on how the sermon is constructed. Nevertheless, I believe the 2nd approach might in the end develop greater biblical literacy among preachers and laity than the first. It may even serve as growth in a certain kind of holiness- being able to read Scripture and imagine, through the Holy Spirit, how the Word plays within the Word in a living conversation that is the gospel made manifest through a particular economy.
A different kind of resonance can also be preached, though, that being a resonance within and between Scripture passages themselves. This kind of preaching probably looks more to the post-liberal/neo-orthodox approach, arguing that Scripture is an idiom or language to be learned, so that the when we read, we are being read by, read into, a cultural linguistic model, we are being Scripturized.
So, for example, if I were preaching on John 2 water to wine in the first form, I might tell some contemporary about a wedding and how a new thing was done at the wedding that was meaningful to all involved. Or we might talk about the function of wine and servants or something in contemporary culture (I'm over simplifying here).
But in the 2nd approach, we might read the water to wine miracle in reference to previous events in the life of Israel (Elijah and Elisha? Rivers to blood? Purity codes?) or forthcoming events in the life of Christ (Christ turning his own blood into a new wine that is "the best wine saved for last", given to the wedding guests, the marriage feast of the lamb).
Of course, these kinds of references are not yet preaching- either can function dead word or direct address depending on how the sermon is constructed. Nevertheless, I believe the 2nd approach might in the end develop greater biblical literacy among preachers and laity than the first. It may even serve as growth in a certain kind of holiness- being able to read Scripture and imagine, through the Holy Spirit, how the Word plays within the Word in a living conversation that is the gospel made manifest through a particular economy.
Monday, January 08, 2007
Means of Composition
Wendell Berry has written famously of his own composition habits. He uses paper and pencil, takes these instruments with him to the woods, or elsewhere, and therefore can write virtually anywhere without requiring fancy forms of technology.
Now Richard Powers, apparently no neo-Luddite, writes, "Except for brief moments of duress, I haven't touched a keyboard in years. No fingers were tortured in producing these words--or the last half million words of my published fiction. By rough count, I've sent 10,000 e-mail messages without typing. My primary digital prosthetic doesn't even have keys."
Powers uses, of course, not a living anamneusis, but rather voice recognition software. He extols its virtues in a recent column in the New York Times Book Review.
Both writers believe their means of composition is integral to their craft. Both are wonderful writers. How can this be?
Well, I have typically been a QWERTY composer myself. I have never experimented with alternative keyboards of voice software-- nor have I had much luck writing long-hand. I can't read my own hand-writing later, and my hand cramps up.
So I type. I imagine a lot of wonderful writers also type on normal old keyboards on computers. Some others may still pound things out on a typewriter. For all I know, some great author still uses a quill and ink.
In any event, the means of composition do matter. I find that I am constrained to writing, and can only write at length (or with any kind of quality) when I am seated comfortably at a good computer and keyboard. This means I generally can't compose in a lot of places Berry can easily. That's a problem. It would be good to have his range.
I can't imagine being constrained the way Powers is. Writing is verbal, he's right about that, but it's also visual. I'm write about that (just read that last sentence a few times).
In any event, it would be interesting to hear where, when, and how we all write...
Now Richard Powers, apparently no neo-Luddite, writes, "Except for brief moments of duress, I haven't touched a keyboard in years. No fingers were tortured in producing these words--or the last half million words of my published fiction. By rough count, I've sent 10,000 e-mail messages without typing. My primary digital prosthetic doesn't even have keys."
Powers uses, of course, not a living anamneusis, but rather voice recognition software. He extols its virtues in a recent column in the New York Times Book Review.
Both writers believe their means of composition is integral to their craft. Both are wonderful writers. How can this be?
Well, I have typically been a QWERTY composer myself. I have never experimented with alternative keyboards of voice software-- nor have I had much luck writing long-hand. I can't read my own hand-writing later, and my hand cramps up.
So I type. I imagine a lot of wonderful writers also type on normal old keyboards on computers. Some others may still pound things out on a typewriter. For all I know, some great author still uses a quill and ink.
In any event, the means of composition do matter. I find that I am constrained to writing, and can only write at length (or with any kind of quality) when I am seated comfortably at a good computer and keyboard. This means I generally can't compose in a lot of places Berry can easily. That's a problem. It would be good to have his range.
I can't imagine being constrained the way Powers is. Writing is verbal, he's right about that, but it's also visual. I'm write about that (just read that last sentence a few times).
In any event, it would be interesting to hear where, when, and how we all write...
Wednesday, January 03, 2007
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